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Rural Health Briefing, Vol. 3, No. 6 November 21, 2002
1. Update: Rural Hospital Flexibility Program
a. State Action
- Critical Access Hospital Designation Status
- Arizona EMS and Trauma System Plan
- Rural EMS Working Group
b. National Action
- Action Alert: Rural Health Legislation
- National Program Tracking Report
2. Arizona News
a. Southern Arizona Forum
b. Legislative Calendar: Mark Your Calendar
c. Pilot Email Health Program
d. Heart Disease in Women
e. Arizona Oral Health Summit
f. St. Luke's Health Initiatives Report
g. Arizona College of Public Health News
h. Rural Health Honors Learning Resource Expert
i. Arizona Legislative Leadership Changes
3. National News
a. HRSA Training for Third Party Reimbursement
b. HRSA Health Care Executive Program
c. HIPAA Audio Conference for HRSA Grantees
d. Health Care Work Force Development
e. J1 Visa Program
f. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality News
g. Recent Online Publications
h. USAID Grant to Improve Health on Mexican Border
i. CDC Authority to Lead Bioterrorism Fight Removed
j. CDC Releases Hand Hygiene Guidelines
4. How to Contact Your Representative
a. Arizona Congressional Delegation
b. Arizona State Legislators
5. Grant Opportunities
a. RICHS Listing
b. Others
6. Conferences Relevant to Rural Health
7. Other: New Websites
1. Update: Rural Hospital Flexibility Program
a. State Action (1) Critical Access Hospital Designation Status: Five Indian Health Service and tribal hospitals are now designated critical access hospitals, bringing the total number of critical access facilities in the state to ten. All of Arizona's IHS and tribal hospitals seeking critical access designation passed the Medicare site surveys conducted by JCAHO, whose deeming authority for critical access designation is in effect as of November 21. Arizona's critical access hospitals include:
- Hopi Health Care Center, Polacca
- Whiteriver IHS Hospital, Whiteriver
- Parker Indian Health Center, Parker
- Ft. Yuma IHS Hospital, CA/AZ Border
- Hu Hu Kam Memorial Hospital, Sacaton (Gila River tribal hospital)
- Southeast Arizona Medical Center, Douglas
- Northern Cochise Community Hospital, Willcox
- Benson Hospital, Benson
- Page Hospital, Page
- Wickenburg Regional Medical Center, Wickenburg
In addition, the Medicare site survey (state licensure office) was conducted November 18-20 for Sage Memorial Hospital in Ganado, whose application for critical access designation is now pending with CMS.
(2) Arizona Emergency Medical Services and Trauma System Plan: Specific objectives of the Arizona Rural Hospital Flexibility Program were incorporated into the statewide Arizona EMS and Trauma System Plan Objectives related to critical access hospitals include the following:
Objective 02.10: Collaborate with (the Flex Program/critical access hospital networks) to ensure access to EMS services and rural receiving health care institutions in rural areas of the state. Tactic 1. During 2002-2005, partner for grants that assist in system development.
Objective 07.10: Work with (the Flex Program) to target available program funding to assist in building prehospital workforce capacity in rural areas. Tactic 1. During 2002-2005, offer pediatric education to EMS providers including in designated "Flex" communities through grant funding between the program and EMS. Tactic 2. During 2003-2005, work with regional coordinating systems to determine enhancement strategies. Objective 12.10: Work with (the Flex Program) to identify the need to assist rural EMS providers, ambulance services, and prehospital agencies in Critical Access Hospital catchment areas in order to ensure the capability for treatment and transport of emergent medical and trauma patients to designated Critical Access Hospitals. Tactic 1. Distribute to EMS regional councils copies of the Rural Health Office--2001 EMS Needs Assessment Survey of selected rural communities.
Objective 18.1: Support EMS and Trauma System research through research partnerships between the state and system participants to increase opportunities for federal funding of meaningful research. Tactic 1. During 2002-2003, work with the Rural Health Office to identify funding opportunities for joint research and evaluation projects.
To review the state plan in its entirety: State EMS/Trauma Plan
(3) Rural EMS Working Group: The Arizona Rural Hospital Flexibility Program is organizing a Rural EMS Working Group that will work on EMS issues related to critical access hospitals, as well as rural EMS issues in general. Invited participants will include representatives of statewide and regional EMS Councils, fire departments and other emergency medical services providers located in critical access hospital communities and surrounding areas, and others. An initial meeting will be held on December 20, 2002 from 10:00 a.m. to 11:30 a.m. via videoconferencing sites at Sage Memorial Hospital, Ganado; Whiteriver IHS Hospital; Southeast Arizona Medical Center, Douglas; Hopi Health Care Center, Polacca; Rural Health Office, Tucson; Arizona Health Sciences Center, Phoenix; and a site to be determined in Flagstaff. If you are interested in participating on the Rural EMS Working Group, please contact: Alison Hughes.
b. National Action
(1) Action Alert: Rural Health Legislation: Congressional bills impacting rural health care include the following:
S. 1533: Health Care Safety Net Amendments Act: President Bush signed this bill into law on October 26. The bill reauthorizes safety net programs including the Community Health Centers program, the National Health Service Corps, and the Rural Health Outreach and Network Grant Programs. The legislation also creates several new programs, including a Small Health Provider Quality Improvement Grants Program (to be administered through the Federal Office of Rural Health Policy); the Rural Emergency Medical Service Training and Equipment Assistance Program (to be administered by HRSA); a program authorizing funding for mental health services provided via telehealth (to be administered through the HRSA Office for the Advancement of Telehealth); and a new Healthy Communities Access Program. No appropriations have been made for these programs to date. It is anticipated that the Senate will focus on appropriations when they return from winter break. Summary Health Care Safety Net Amendments Act To review the act in its entirety, go to Pub. Law 107-251
S 3018: The Beneficiary Access to Care and Medicare Equity Act of 2002: This bill was pending in the last session of Congress. Action is needed to assure that the bill is taken up in the next session. Key provisions of the legislation include:
- Medicare Flex Reauthorization
- Small Hospital Improvement Program Reauthorization
- Exempting RHCs and FQHCs from the nursing home SNF PPS
- Establishing flexibility for CAHs to have up to 25 acute care beds
- Equalizing Medicare standardized payment amount
- Adjusting the wage index
- Enhancing DSH payments for rural hospitals
- Temporarily increasing payments for rural hospitals under PPS outpatient services
- Revising the payment disparities for rural physicians
- Extending the rural adjuster for home health
- Extending the outpatient PPS hold harmless for rural hospitals by one year to 2005
- Increasing the ground ambulance payments for rural by five percent
- Providing a 10 percent add on for frontier hospice
- Establishing a rural capital infrastructure loan program
- Full market basket update for Sole Community Hospitals
- Establishing Periodic Interim Payments (PIP) for CAHs
- Providing Medicare payments to certain non-physician providers on call in CAH
emergency rooms
To review the pending legislation, enter the bill number at: S. 3018
S. 3013: Local Emergency Health Services Reimbursement Act of 2002: This bill was introduced in the last session of Congress by Sen. Jon Kyl and Sen. John McCain, with others, to modify the reimbursement of state and local funds expended for emergency medical services furnished to undocumented aliens. The bill would appropriate $200,000,000 for each of the fiscal years 2003-2007, of which $134,000,000 would be allotted for each of the 17 states with the highest number of undocumented aliens and an additional $66,000 would be allotted for each of the 6 states with the highest number of undocumented alien apprehensions for each fiscal year. To review this bill, enter the bill number at: S. 3013
(2) National Program Tracking Report: The Rural Policy Research Institute (RUPRI) recently published the "Rural Hospital Flexibility Program Tracking Project, Year Three (2001-2002). Although it takes a few minutes to download, this is a useful review of projects being implemented throughout the United States. Tracking Report
2. Arizona News
a. Southern Arizona Forum: On December 12, 2002, the Rural Health Office and the Arizona Rural Health Association, Inc. will sponsor the second annual Southern Arizona Forum. Other cosponsors include the Southeast Arizona Area Health Education Center, the Pima Community College Center for Training and Development, and Cochise College. The forum will convene at the Sierra Vista Campus of Cochise College from 9:00 to 4:30 pm. A $10.00 registration fee will cover the costs of meeting materials. Lunch will be provided. The forum program agenda and presenters include the following: (1) AHEC Partnerships in Southern Arizona; (2) Health Career Pipeline Models; (3) Implementation of Health Related Propositions; (4) Bioterrorism Information Resources; (5) Arizona Health Provider Resources - Recruitment and Retention; (6) Status Report on the Rural Physician Study Committee; (7) Investigation of Fallon, Nevada and Sierra Vista, Arizona Childhood Leukemia Clusters; (8) County Health Bioterrorism Plans; (9) Status Report on Tohono O'odham Nursing Home and Education Process; (10) Update on Border Issues Impacting Tohono O'odham Health Care Services; (10) Border Health Si; (12) Follow Up Action.
b. Mark Your Calendar -- Annual Legislative Forum on Health Care Issues: This year's Annual Legislative Forum on Health Care Issues is scheduled to be held on January 21st at the state capitol. This exciting event gives rural advocates an opportunity to meet legislators and discuss rural health policy issues. Almost 40% of the Arizona Legislature's membership is new, so it will be important to get to know our new representatives. Please mark your calendars.
c. Gila River Indian Community Pilot Email Health Program Demonstration: The Gila River Indian Community recently completed a pilot demonstration of the use of email for delivery of a health program -- a 10 week weight loss program with a weight loss goal of 10 pounds. The program was based on the O'odham guide for healthy eating, and targets insulin resistance and related problems that increase the risk for type 2 diabetes and/or heart disease -- conditions referred to by various names, such as Metabolic Syndrome, Insulin Resistance Syndrome, or Syndrome X. The first self-selected group had 26 participants; 62 percent of the participants submitted a final evaluation; 87 percent of those responding lost weight, and 44 percent achieved the 10 pound weight loss goal. The project is currently refining the weight loss program -- newly named "Munch and Move" -- and will make it available in January 2003 for distribution to those who are interested in weight loss as it relates to prevention of chronic disease. The Community has also developed a Diabetes Prevention Assistant Program for tribal Community Health Representatives. These materials will be available in English to other interested groups. Materials for both projects may be ordered via the Rural Health Briefing listserv.
d. Heart Disease in Women: One representative of the Gila River Indian Community, Marlene Norris, Sacaton, and three other American Indian women from Arizona (Marie Algiene, Tuba City; Delores Plunkett, Camp Verde; and Adeline June-Tsosi, Window Rock attended the Mayo Clinic's WomanHeart Symposium earlier this month. The symposium focused on how heart disease is different in women than in men and how heart disease is treated in women. To obtain further information, or a presentation for your group, contact: Marlene Norris (Sacaton, Gila River Indian Community); Marie Algiene (Tuba City); Delores Plunkett (Camp Verde); or Adeline June Tsosi (Window Rock). e. Arizona Oral Health Summit: The Arizona Department of Health Services' Office of Oral Health is hosting a statewide forum on November 22 to develop short-term and long-term strategies for improving the oral health status of Arizonans. The summit will be held at the Phoenix Airport Marriott from 9:00 am - 4:15 pm. Morning sessions will include presentations by Dr. James Crall, Columbia University, "Oral Health in America: Critical Issues Related to Financing and Trends," and Dr. Sanford Fenton, University of Tennessee, "Oral Health for Special Populations." The afternoon session will consist of a facilitated discussion on key policy, financing, provider, delivery and prevention issues for children, working poor, and special populations. For further information, contact: Keneka Hayward.
f. St. Luke's Health Initiatives Reports: "Building the Public Health Movement in Arizona," is the topic of the fall issue of Arizona Health Futures, published by St. Luke's Health Initiatives Foundation in Phoenix. Several of the foundation's studies focus on aging issues, including a May 2002 publication, "The Coming of Age." To view these reports: Building Public Health Coming of Age Other Studies
g. Arizona College of Public Health News:
(1) New Name for the College: The College of Public Health has been officially named the Mel and Enid Zuckerman Arizona College of Public Health. The extensive contributions of the founders of Canyon Ranch -- over $20 million in gifts to the University of Arizona Foundation for health related programs -- are documented at: New Name
(2) One Million Dollar Gift for Border and Rural Health: The college recently received a gift of $1,000,000 for the creation of a "Community Health Equity Fund for Rural and Border Health." Associate Dean Jill de Zapien, with long-time colleague, Joel Meister, will be developing guidelines for the Equity Fund.
(3) Self Study: The college will undergo an accreditation site visit in January. As part of the accreditation process, an extensive self study report was prepared and is now available online. The service section of the document is an interesting review of the public health service work being done in Arizona. To review the document: Self Study Report
h. Rural Health Honors for Learning Resources Expert: The Rural Health Office recently held a dedication ceremony to officially name its in-house learning resources center "The Patricia A. Auflick Library." Ms. Auflick served rural Arizonans for many years as the Learning Resource Coordinator for the RHO and the Arizona Area Health Education Centers (AzAHEC) System, training health care professionals in how to use the Internet to access health care information from the National Library of Medicine, as well as training librarians about health care resources. She maintained one of the earliest e-newsletters, disseminating information about grant opportunities throughout the state. Ms. Auflick is now a staff member at the Arizona Health Sciences Center Library.
i. Arizona Legislative Leadership Changes Majority Leadership: Senate President-Elect Ken Bennett (R-Prescott) has appointed Senator-Elect Carolyn Allen (R-Scottsdale) to head the Senate Health Committee in the 46th Legislative session. Senator-Elect Allen previously served as House Majority Leader and was a member of the House Health Committee for several years. Senator-Elect Bob Burns (R-Glendale) will chair the Senate Appropriations Committee. House Speaker-Elect Jake Flake (R-Snowflake) has appointed Rep. Deb Gullett (R-Phoenix) to chair the House Health Committee and Rep. Russell Pearce (R-Mesa) to chair the House Appropriations Committee.
Minority Leadership: On the Democratic side, Senator Jack Brown will be the Minority Leader. Senator Linda Aguirre is Assistant Minority Leader, and Senator Peter Rios will be Minority Whip. Legislative chairs have not yet been announced.
Governor-Elect: The Governor-Elect, Janet Napolitano, has named former Senator Alan Stephens and Mr. Dennis Burke as her Co-Chiefs of Staff.
3. National News
a. HRSA Training for Third Party Reimbursement: The HRSA Center for Health Services Financing and Managed Care sponsors a free Third Party Reimbursement Training and Technical Assistance Program for organizations which receive HRSA grant funds directly from HRSA (HRSA grantees) and organizations which receive funding from states and localities that is supplemented with HRSA grant funding (HRSA subgrantees).. The purpose of the training is to assure that wherever possible, third-party coverage should pay for the cost of health care for insurance program beneficiaries, thereby allowing federal grant dollars to be focused on the health care of the uninsured and underinsured. This training will be available in Phoenix, Arizona February 6-7, 2003. For further information: Third Party Reimbursement Training Program Training Curriculum Calendar of Training Workshops
b. HRSA Health Care Executive Program: The HRSA Center for Health Services Financing and Managed Care sponsors also sponsors a Health Care Executive Program to assist grantees and subgrantees ensure their financial viability. The Executive Program is a management development program exclusively for executive directors, medical directors, and other top executives of community safety-net health care providers. The program is an intensive two-week curriculum offered at UCLA's Anderson School of Management in July. Approximately 40 participants are selected from applicants who have demonstrated an excellent standard of leadership in their local communities. The accompaniment of the board or community coalition chair as co-participant during the final two and a half days of the program is required for admission. All participant expenses are paid. For further information: Health Care Executive Program
c. HIPAA Audio Conference for HRSA Grantees: On Monday, November 25, 2002, the Health Resources and Services Administration will host a no-cost 90 minute audio conference on Transactions and Code Sets. The conference is scheduled for 12:00 - 1:30 pm Mountain Standard Time. The program is the first in a series that HRSA, together with the Medical Group Management Association (MGMA) is presenting to help grantees implement HIPAA. The presentation will focus on the administrative simplification provisions of HIPAA. The target audience includes clinic administrators, medical directors, staff physicians, nursing staff, and business accounting professionals in HRSA funded programs. Included with the your registration will be a toll-free number to join the conference; permanent reference outlines and program materials; materials for all participants from an organization; an opportunity to participate in a Q & A dialogue with expert faculty; CME and CE credit for physicians, nurses, and accountants. An archived audiotape will be available for those who cannot be scheduled to attend the live session. To register, call toll-free 888-608-5602, or visit the website at: HIPAA Audio-Conference d. Health Care Workforce Development: The following grant opportunities are available for health care workforce training and education programs:
e. J1 Visa Program: Legislation enacted in the last session of Congress increased the number of Conrad 20 waivers for J-1 physicians from 20 waivers per year per state to 30 waivers per year per state, and extended the program to June 1, 2004. The act will retroactively take effect May 31, 2002.
f. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality News:
- Prevention Quality Indicators for Hospitals: The Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality's (AHRQ) revised "Guide to Prevention Quality Indicators: Hospital Admission for Ambulatory Care Sensitive Conditions," is now available online. See, Prevention Quality Indicators
- Inpatient Quality Indicators: The AHRQ Inpatient Quality Indicators (IQIs) are a set of measures that provide a perspective on hospital quality of care using hospital administrative data. The Inpatient Quality Indicators are now available online. This is the second in a series of three quality indicators being developed by AHRQ. New dowloadable SPSS software is also available. Inpatient Quality Indicators Software Download
- Patient Safety Indicators: The technical report for new patient safety indicators currently being developed is now available online. The Patient Safety Indicators (PSIs) are a set of quality measures providing information on potential in-hospital complications and patient safety concerns that can be identified with readily available inpatient discharge data. Software for the Patient Safety Indicators will be available by the end of the year. Patient Safety Indicators Technical Report
- National Healthcare Disparities Report Measures: The AHRQ is soliciting comments on the preliminary measures that will be used to develop its annual report to Congress on national health care disparities. To review the preliminary measure set and provide comments, go to: National Healthcare Disparities Report Measures
g. Recent Online Publications: Several national reports recently published and available online include the following:
h. USAID Grant to Improve Health Care on the Mexican Border: The U.S. Agency for International Development recently announced a $350,000 grant to help fund a pilot Medical emergency Triage and Stabilization Unit at the General Hospital of Nogales, Sonora, Mexico. The USAID contribution will total $200,000 in funds and $150,000 in equipment to increase the capacity of the unit to treat difficult births and trauma. USAID will work with partners from Arizona and from Sonora, Mexico, including University Medical Services Foundation of Tucson, Arizona, and the Health Secretariat of the State of Sonora. The partners will also provide equipment, maintenance, training, and other support. The goal of the project is better coordination and also the upgrading of care available in the Arizona-Sonora area. By improving access to emergency health care, the unit will address the issue of Mexican nationals having to rely heavily on the United States for emergency medical attention. In addition, Arizona residents will have access to quality emergency medical care while visiting family, conducting business, or touring the area. It will also enable Mexican heath care providers to stabilize patients on the Mexican side of the border and then transpor them to Hermosillo for long-term care instead of sending traumatized patients to the physically closer Arizona hospitals for required emergency care. It is also anticipated that by improving accessibility to care on the Mexican side of the border, the economic burden of uncompensated care for Arizona hospitals will be reduced.
i. CDC Authority to Lead Bioterrorism Fight Removed: The Kaiser Daily Report for November 19: "House, Senate and White House negotiators last week stripped a provision from the homeland security legislation that would have established the CDC as the 'lead agency in fighting bioterrorism,' the Atlanta Journal-Constitution reports. Sponsored by Sen. Max Cleland (D-Ga.), the provision would have created a Center for Bioterrorism Preparedness that would have been responsible for organizing health and law enforcement specialists in the event of a bioterrorist attack. The CDC already handles most of the responsibilities that would have been moved to the new center, but those tasks are spread throughout the agency. Congressional staffers said House Majority Leader Richard Armey (R-Texas) opposed the provision because it would take "flexibility" away from the secretary of the proposed Homeland Security Department (Eversley, Atlanta Journal-Constitution, 11/19).
j. CDC Releases Hand Hygiene Guidelines: The CDC recently released guidelines for hand hygiene in health care settings. The Joint Commission on the Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations "believes it is important for all accredited health care organizations to be aware of the CDC guidelines regarding hand hygiene. We are considering ways in which these guidelines may be incorporated into the accreditation process in the future." To view the new guidelines: Hand Hygiene
How to Contact Your Representatives
a. Arizona Congressional Delegation: Links to Arizona members of the U.S. House of
Representatives are available at: U.S. Representatives Links to Arizona members of the U.S. Senate
are available at: U.S. Senate
b. Arizona State Legislators: Available through the Arizona Legislative Information System
(ALIS): Call 1-800-352-8404 Arizona Legislature
5. Grant Opportunities
a. RICHS Listing: Grants
b. Others:
(1) Foundation of the National Student Nurses; Association: "Breakthrough to Nursing Scholarships for Racial/Ethnic Minorities" grant program awards scholarships in four categories: general, career mobility, ethnic, and specialty. Applicants must be students currently enrolled in state approved schools of nursing or prenursing in associate degree, baccalaureate, diploma, generic doctorate, and generic master's programs. Individual scholarships range from $1,000 to $2,500. Scholarships will be awarded in the spring of 2003 for use in summer school 2003 and the 2003-2004 academic year. Deadlines for applications is January 31, 2003. Website E-Forms
(2) Minority Access to Research Careers: The National Institute of Medical Sciences, Division of Minority Opportunities in Research, provides research training in biomedically relevant sciences. A new initiative, the Post-Baccalaureate Research Education Program, offers support for recent graduates of baccalaureate programs to pursue advanced research in such areas as cell biology, biophysics, biochemistry, genetics, neurobiology, physiology, computational biology; and behavioral sciences. The goal is to encourage underrepresented minorities to pursue a research doctorate and to develop a cohort who will eventually become the scientists who conduct research on cardiovascular disease, diabetes, cancer, arthritis, respiratory diseases, HIV and other STDs, substance abuse, and other areas that address reducing health disparities. For further information: Website E-Forms
6. Conferences Relevant to Rural Health
a. Community Health Workers Workshop: "Working Together for the Health of the Community," Dallas, Texas, December 4-7, 2002. Contact: Health Education Training Centers Alliance of Texas, 866) 4TX-CHWS.
b. Rural Minority Annual Health Conference: "Race, Culture, Technology: Impact on Rural Minority Health," San Diego, California, December 5-6, 2002. Contact: Rosemary McKenzie, National Rural Health Association, (816) 756-3140.
c. National Academy of Sciences Panel Workshop on Race and Ethnicity Data Collection: The focus of this workshop will be on the collection of race and ethnicity data by states and by private organizations. The goal of the workshop is to address: (1) What data are currently collected; (2) What is the quality of these data? (3) How are the data used? (4) What are the benefits to collecting the data; (5) What are the costs or barriers to collecting such data. The workshop is part of the activities of a panel that was formed by the Committee on National Statistics. For further information contact: Tanya Lee (2020 334-3096. d. Annual Meeting of State and Tribal Child Welfare Officials: Washington DC, January 28-29, 2003. Contact: Chandra Waddy (202) 638-7922.
e. Rural Health Policy Annual Institute: Washington DC, March 3-5, 2003. Contact: NRHA Government Affairs Office (709) 519-7910.
f. Association of Maternal Child Health Programs Annual Conference: "Mobilizing to Eliminate Health Disparities," Arlington, VA, March 8-12, 2003. Contact: Lori Whitehand (202) 775-0436.
g. Priester National Extension Health Conference: A call for presentation proposals has been issued by the Healthy People, Healthy Communities Initiative for the 2003 Priester National Extension Conference, "Bringing Health to Your Community -- Responding to
Emerging Issues," to be held April 22-24, 2003 in Phoenix, Arizona. For further
information, see: Priester Conference
h. 6th National Community Health Workers/Promotores Conference: This conference, "Promotores: Closing the Bridge Gap between Primary Health Care Delivery and Medically Underserved Communities," is scheduled for August 19-22, 2003 in San Francisco. Mark our calendar! For more information, call: 877-743-1500 or email: CHWNetwork
7. Other: New Websites
a. P.O.V. Borders Website: The Public Broadcasting Corporation has a new interactive website on international borders. The website is a product of P.O.V.-- a cinema term for "point of view" -- public television's annual award winning showcase for independent non-fiction films. P.O.V. Borders is a web-only series on PBS Online. The first episode in the series about the borders in our lives, both literal and metaphysical, will run for ten weeks and concentrates on migration as an overall theme. The series will include: Border Stories (individual border residents are given a digital camera and document their own lives); Border Snapshots (short digital meditations on the idea of borders; Border Journey (digital glimpses of migrant life and education); Border Talk (guest writers, academics, artists, musicians); Border Cams and Games; and Materials for Teachers and Librarians. To view this new website: Borders
b. Public Health Communications: A new book, Communicating Public Health Information Effectively, is available from the American Public Health Association. The book provides a comprehensive approach to help public health practitioners in both the public and private sector to improve their ability to communicate with different audiences, including news media, legislators, visual communication, and electronic communications. To order the book: Public Health Communication
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